ABSTRACT With the expansion of inefficient tissues, "Urban regeneration" has been objectified as a solution for developing cities in different physical, social and economic dimensions. Despite the development of the guidelines for urban regeneration projects, these projects in Iran still have challenges in the stage of realization and implementation. This article aims to identify the "challenges and causes of non-realization of urban regeneration projects in Iran" and analyse the research conducted in this field with a qualitative approach. For this purpose, a meta-analysis of 23 articles in the field of problems of urban regeneration projects in Iran was carried out. The challenges raised in the AtlasTI software were extracted with the help of open and axial coding. In the following, 100 codes were determined in the form of 10 groups or general categories. In the end, the obstacles to the realization of urban regeneration projects in Iran were given. According to the obtained results, the weak presence of non-governmental organizations, the problems of preparing plans, institutional and management problems, and the weakness of participation are the four most important and frequent challenges in the research related to the realization of urban regeneration projects in Iran Extended Abstract Introduction The trend of urban population growth and the expansion of inefficient urban fabrics along with the increasing immigrant population to the cities makes the planners think of filling the existing urban fabrics with excessive density and land use change, instead of the city horizontal development with regard to the urban sustainable development prism. Poor housing, low per capita services, lack of necessary infrastructure, low quality of life, economic stagnation and functional inefficiency, unorganized physical-spatial structure, high vulnerability to earthquakes, loss of social status, and various social problems exemplify the typical challenges of such deteriorated areas. Deterioration of the urban fabric has prompted the emergence of various urban development policies among which regeneration as an overarching approach characterized by its economic, social, environmental, physical, ecological dimensions and components including quality of life, justice, revitalization and participation. This concept, as an urban development policy, has been defined and applied in the vulnerable and deteriorated areas of cities in recent years. Started from physical redevelopment in the Second World War and passing through policies concentrated on social and economic welfare, urban regeneration policies moved towards the participation of local residents and the creation of sustainable places in recent decades. However, taking into consideration the manifestation challenges of urban development plans, in the existing literature, urban regeneration challenges have been less comprehensively investigated. This paper aims to identify the "challenges and causes of lack of urban regeneration plans manifestation in Iran" based on the review and analysis of the research conducted in this field with a qualitative approach in response to this question: "What are the challenges and obstacles to the manifestation of urban regeneration projects in Iran?”   Methodology This research aims to identify "challenges and obstacles to the manifestation of urban regeneration projects in Iran" through a meta-analysis of the research conducted in this field. Conducting a systematic search in Magiran, comprehensive humanities portal, and Google Scholar databases using the Boolean logic search used the keyword (challenges) AND key phrases (‘manifestation of plans’ AND ‘urban regeneration in Iran’) resulted in more than 70 Persian papers, 2 English papers, and 2 English theses. The reviewed studies included research and review papers, case study research, and the special issue of urban regeneration policy of Haft Shahr Journal. The geographical scope of the investigated studies covers the historical contexts of Iran, and metropolises such as Tehran, Tabriz, Shiraz, and Isfahan. Reviewing the abstracts, 23 studies were selected among which the research focusing on the different types of regeneration, and evaluation of urban regeneration indicators were excluded from the research process. To conduct meta-analysis after a comprehensive review of each study, open and focused coding of challenges was done through Atlas.ti software (version 8), and the obstacles to the manifestation of the plans were extracted. Coding process continued until the saturation was reached. Finally, the 115 codes obtained was reduced to 100 through integrating similar codes. Then, all the codes were categorized into 10 categories, and a comprehensive model of "challenges of manifestation of urban regeneration projects in Iran" was presented.   Results and discussion Based on the conducted review, the recognized problems with emphasis on the different aspects of urban regeneration projects are: 1) Weak presence of non-governmental organizations (18 codes); 2) Problems of preparing plans (17 codes); 3) Institutional and managerial problems (14 codes); 4) Weakness of participation (13 codes); 5) Duration and financial problems of urban regeneration plans (10 codes); 6) Problems of urban regeneration plans process (8 codes); 7) loss of identity of fabrics in the preparation of the plan (6 codes); 8) Lack of context-oriented approach (7 codes); 9) inefficient evaluation of plans (4 codes); 10) lack of social and specialized training for citizens and officials (3 codes). The lack of endogenous theory and insufficient knowledge of the environment and residents obstacle the manifestation of urban regeneration plans. Despite pretending the use of non-governmental organizations, the relevant law weaknesses, and the lack of belief in the effectiveness of it has led to disregard of the participation of non-governmental organizations in practice in the process of preparing and implementing development plans resulting in an inadequate context for manifestation of urban regeneration plans. In addition, the government supervision on NGO’s in the way of achieving independence has also caused limitations for their interplay. In terms of the issues in the preparation of plans, more emphasis on the physical and economic dimensions and the purely physical view, and the lack of attention to the social and cultural consequences, along with the loss of the community identity, are the factors of the failure of the plans to achieve the expected results. The lack of coordination between programs and multiple decision-makers led to the institutional confrontation instead of interaction. In this regard, the necessity of an integrated and comprehensive approach to urban regeneration has been acknowledged in the reviewed studies. NGO’s can play an effective role in communicating with citizens, educating citizens and informing them. It is also necessary to have the participation of the private sector and other organizations involved in the field of urban development in addition to public participation in all steps of preparation, implementation and occupation of projects and development plans. In the absence of a context-oriented approach in the preparation and implementation of urban regeneration plans in Iran with blind imitation of western models and the existence of limited urban infrastructure, following consequences are inevitable: uncertainty in terms of time, cost and site preparation before the implementation of the plan; lack of definition of urban regeneration plans in the different scales, neighborhood, region and city; and the uncertainty of the relationship between these plans and other urban development plans. As such in the current inadequate conditions driving the process of preparing plans, the possibility of implementing new policies and plans, is low and the implemented plans like many other urban development plans in Iran, are inefficient in the absence of the post occupancy evaluation.   Conclusion Based on the results, four priority challenges in the manifestation of urban regeneration plans in Iran include; the weak presence of non-governmental organizations, the problems of preparing plans, institutional and managerial issues, and the weakness of participation. "The weak presence of non-governmental organizations" has been mentioned as the first challenge in most reviewed studies (Ahmadifar et al., 2014). Regarding the "participation of citizens" even though in the set of laws and regulations of sustainable urban regeneration, promotion of citizenship culture, participation, and cooperation of local institutions are highlighted, the residents are not welcomed in practice. On the other hand, the lack of people's participation in the preparation and implementation of plans has made any urban regeneration actions fail or achieve to its partial goals. In this regard, the results of the previous comparative comparisons have shown that the lack of laws and regulations supporting participation in various fields is of the key factors (Nourian and Ariana, 2011, Shafie Dastjerdi and Sadeghi, 2016). The problems of preparing plans, institutional and managerial issues, ranked as the third and fourth issues in this study, have been emphasized in previous studies as well (Kalantari Khalil Abad et al., Pakro and Sattarzadeh, 2014, Izadi et al., 2019). Therefore, prioritizing the challenges raised by experts and determining operational strategies to solve them are issues that can be addressed in future studies.   Keywords Urban regeneration plans, manifestation, meta-analysis   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.

INTRODUCTION: Given the increasing natural hazards, there is an increasing emphasis on innovative disaster risk reduction (DRR) initiatives aimed at increasing resilience and recognizing women as key stakeholders in all disaster management activities, although their role remains limited for unclear reasons. Since understanding gender issues and their impact in shaping people's lives is crucial in disaster risk reduction, this study seeks to examine the effective role of women's participation in disaster risk reduction. METHODS: In this descriptive-analytical and library study, factors such as women's empowerment, increasing participation in decision-making levels, improving access to resources and information, and changing traditional attitudes that play a role in reducing women's vulnerability were examined. The necessary data were collected by reviewing relevant parameters in reputable articles, reports and books. The statistical population includes women from disaster-prone countries such as Tamil Nadu (India), Bangladesh, Nepal, Tashkent (Uzbekistan), Ethiopia and other countries. FINDINGS: The findings indicate that women’s vulnerability to disasters is a combination of biological, social, cultural, economic and political factors, and that traditional caregiving roles, gender discrimination and inequalities in access to resources, information and decision-making increase their vulnerability. In addition, disasters impose more severe psychological, social and economic consequences on women. CONCLUSION: According to the results, due to unequal social and cultural structures, women are more vulnerable to natural and man-made disasters. Therefore, disaster management policies and actions must be gender-sensitive. Empowering women, promoting their participation in decision-making, improving their access to resources and information, and changing traditional attitudes can reduce the impact of crises on women and increase the overall resilience of society.

Like rural entrepreneurship, agricultural entrepreneurship with its many benefits and benefits can be a factor in the ability and improved quality of rural women. However, women, and especially rural women, have many challenges and inequality, although they have shaped half of the community to participate in agricultural entrepreneurship activities. Therefore, the present study, as an applied research, seeks to examine the challenges of rural women's participation in agricultural entrepreneurship activities. The present study is applied in terms of purpose, and is part of the quality method. The data collection tool has been structured interview. The statistical population includes female business managers and female entrepreneurs in Khorramabad. Injuries were selected for interviews as an irrational, purposeful and theoretical ghost of 15 female entrepreneurs. Qualitative analysis and interview coding with Max Kioda software were used for data analysis and information. The results of the research on the challenges of rural women's participation in agricultural entrepreneurship activities using coding leading to identifying 42 concepts in open coding, 22 pivotal categories and sub -challenges in the form of core coding, 4 main challenges and challenges in The coding template was selected. Based on coding the challenges of rural women participation in agricultural entrepreneurship activities include 4 general challenges 1) economic/ financial challenges, 2) cultural-social

Main goal of this article is to study the concept of State Participation in Oil and Gas Projects. We tried to define the Concept, characteristics, reasoning and challenges around the phenomenon. State Participation as a way of cooperation between Host State(HS) and International Oil Companies(IOC), may be used as main contract or as a Term of Main Contract. Government reasoning for State Participation mainly focuses on taking Control and managerial tasks by the Government, achieve experience and expertise in operations and enhance in government take. Conflict of interest, problems in financing government’ s share of Costs and political interference in operations are main challenges of State Participation. Meanwhile, State Participation has some benefits: helps IOC and HS to improve their relations and mutual understanding, National Oil Companies (NOC) can take risk and responsibility for operations, NOCs can achieve experience and expertise in the field also, managerial knowledge of IOCs will be transferred to the NOCs.

Today, economic activities at the company, local and national level are facing challenges and uncertainties for many reasons. This problem can become a serious obstacle for the planning and management of this category of activities and cause major concerns, especially for the Iranian society, which, in addition to the usual challenges, is also under sanctions. Therefore, in these conditions, the management of existing uncertainties and risks becomes very important; Because with the correct use of risk management frameworks and models, we can hope to overcome these conditions to a large extent. This research aims to investigate how to use risk management and its patterns, especially with emphasis on the participation of different stakeholders such as shareholders, policy makers, managers, customers and other stakeholders. The findings of the research with the method of logical analysis show that the participation of different stakeholders and at the macro level the participation of people in the risk management process can facilitate the management of economic challenges, including achieving economic growth and overcoming high inflation rates.

INTRODUCTION: Considering the high number of incidents and disasters in Iran and the importance of the issue, this research investigates the challenges and opportunities of people's participation in the implementation of disaster management policies in the Iranian Red Crescent Society (IRCS). METHOD: The research is applied in terms of purpose and mixed in terms of method. In the first stage, structured interviews were conducted with 20 experts and informants in the field of disaster management. Then, data was analyzed through content analysis and open coding, and components of challenges and opportunities were extracted using Maxquda software. Finally, a researcher-made questionnaire for challenges and opportunities based on the findings of the qualitative part was design and its validity and reliability using was confirmed by experts and Cronbach's alpha respectively and were distributed among 365 managers and employees related to disasters. FINDINGS: According to the findings, in the qualitative section, the main challenges include coordination and organization, lack of people’s participation in decision-making, conflict of interests, participation sustainability, level of knowledge and awareness, and resistance to change, as well as the opportunities include increasing efficiency and effectiveness, the use of local knowledge, strengthening the sense of responsibility, communication improvement, cost reduction and strengthening social solidarity. The results of quantitative part, showed that strengthening the sense of responsibility, use of local knowledge and communication improvement with an average of 11. 86%, 10. 38% and 9. 46% respectively of the most important opportunities and conflicts of interest, the level of knowledge and awareness and coordination and organization with an average of 10. 43%, 9. 37% and 9. 35% respectively are the most important challenges. CONCULSION: The results showed that solving the challenges and strengthening the opportunities for people's participation will lead to the success and effectiveness of the implementation of the policies and will lead the society to the direction of prosperity, prevention of wastage of resources, casualties’ reduction and sustainable development. Thus, it is suggested to develop educational programs, strengthen organizational structures, etc. in order to improve people's participation in disaster management.

The victim of crime plays an important and essential role in criminal prosecution. In forgivable crimes, criminal prosecution will not be possible without his will and in such crimes, the victim can play an important and active role in criminal prosecution. In the present research, "Participation of the victim in the judicial process: basics, challenges and solutions" the following results were obtained with the descriptive and analytical method. Victim participation faces two types of challenges in criminal prosecution. Personal challenges related to the victim himself and in between, victimized fear, shame of the victim, family and friendship considerations, the victim's lack of awareness and the victim's inability are among the most important reasons for the victim's non-participation in prosecution. Structural challenges related to the structure of the criminal justice system, including the lack of proper communication between the victim and the authorities and mediation of officers and employees and judicial service offices, the authority of the prosecuting authority, secrecy and non-arbitrary nature of some of the proceedings and prolongation of the prosecution are among the most important structural challenges. Iran's criminal justice system in the field of structural challenges has tried to increase the victim's participation in criminal proceedings, but regarding the personal challenges related to the victim, this system doesn’t enjoy a desirable situation.  Eliminating the grounds of fear and shame in the victim, allowing the victim not to be pursued, helping to preserve the identity of the victim, the removal of intermediaries between the victim and the criminal justice authorities, and the improvement of the legal knowledge of officers and employees can contribute to most of the victims involved in the criminal proceedings.

This study examined the sociological explanation of youth participation, causes, forms and challenges. In order to achieve this goal through a variety of variables that affect youth participation, variables of social trust, social alienation, social apathy, the use of media and economic status- social were selected as independent variables. Theoretical Foundations of variables and parameters of this study were on the base of Melvin Seaman, Limpest, Parsons, Giddens, Inglehart and zetompka theories.The research methodology was survey and data gathering tool was a questionnaire with the reliability and credibility. Statistical population were 18-29 year old young people in 22 districts of Tehran in 1394. The sample number was 390 based on multi-stage cluster sampling method and Cochran formula. The main methods of data analysis were regression and path analysis.On the base of the results, there were partnership between variables and social trust, social alienation, mass media, indifference, social and economic and social base and gender, but there were no significant relationship between the variables of marital status and participation.Also, there was a significant relationship between variables and social trust, social alienation, mass media, social indifference, economic and social base and gender, but there was no significant relationship between the marital status and the participation.Among the studied variables, social trust was of the strongest relationship to the the dependent variable of participation (social, political, cultural, economic and psychological).The Multivariate regressions suggests that independent variables explain % 35 of "social participation" dependent variable changes, % 41 of "political participation"dependent variable changes, % 32 of "cultural cooperation"dependent variable changes, % 28 of "economic cooperation" dependent variable changes and % 25 of "the involvement of mental" dependent variable changes.